Ganjian E., Khorami M., Maghsoudi A.A (2007). Scrap-tyre-rubber replacement for aggregate and filler in concrete. Construction and Building Materials, Volume 23 (2009), Pages 1828–1836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.09.020

The article written by Ganjian, Khorami and Maghsoudi from the Civil Engineering Department at the Bahonar University of Kerman in 2007, is a study that examines the feasibility of cement replacement by scrap-tyre powder and the contrast of aggregate replacement by tyre crumbs in concrete. It was reported that the result of global growth and demand in the automobile industry has boosted the tyre production and caused immense stockpiles of used tyres being generated. Since scrap tyre is nondegradable at ambient conditions and produces environmental mal-effects, the article aims to incorporate them into concrete to evaluate its behaviour and promote a sustainable way of reducing landfilling and saving virgin materials used in concrete production.

In the experiment conducted, 3 mixtures containing various proportions were made using chipped rubber to replace coarse aggregates, tyre powder to replace cement in concrete and a control mixture with no implementation of rubber. The objective was to analyse the specimens based on various parameters to understand the interaction of rubber particles with other components as compared to aggregates. Through mechanical and durability tests done according to respective standards, the authors concluded that the performance of the concrete decreased as rubber replacement increased. These include parameters such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, flexural strength, water permeability and water absorption. Besides the main factor of change being the differing properties of rubber particles and aggregates, the article also discussed the experimental observations and variables that resulted in it.  With the findings, the article supports the intensive research conducted on the properties that showcased the size, proportion, and surface texture of rubber particles affect the strength of used tyre rubber contained in concrete.